Infertility is diagnosed when a couple cannot become pregnant after a year oftrying to conceivewith condomless sex.
In another third, there is a medical reason for a man contributing to infertility.
In the last third, the cause is either unknown or involves both partners.
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This article provides an overview of infertility, including common causes, symptoms, and treatment options.
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Symptoms of Infertility
Infertility symptoms vary depending on the underlying cause.
The classic sign is the inability to either become pregnant or carry a pregnancy to term.
In women, an absent (amenorrhea) or irregular period may signify a problem leading to infertility.
This is because a woman without regular periods is likely not ovulating each month.
Causes of Infertility
There are several possible causes of infertility that affect both women and men.
To conceive, a womans body must release an egg from one of the ovaries.
From there, a mans sperm must join with the egg to fertilize it.
Other factors include the couples ages, preferences, and duration of time trying to conceive.
In couples with mild male infertility or an unknown cause,intrauterine insemination (IUI)may be recommended.
The mans sperm is prepared and inserted into the womans uterus during this procedure.
IUI may be used in combination with medications as well.
The most common options include:
IVF may use eggs and sperm from the couple to create embryos.
A woman without a uterus may be able to use a gestational carrier to carry a baby to term.
Complications and Risk Factors
The complications and risk factors associated with infertility depend on the underlying cause.
Another possible complication of infertility isanxiety.
Women who have become pregnant using ART are at increased risk of depression later in life.
Are There Tests to Diagnose the Cause of Infertility?
There are several tests used to determine the cause of infertility.
Your healthcare provider will likely start with a physical exam and medical history from both partners.
Initial tests often include a semen analysis, tubal evaluation, and ovarian reserve testing.
Tests to diagnose infertility in women include:
A semen analysis is used to diagnose infertility in men.
It’s a test to check the number of sperm, their movement, and their shape.
There are several possible causes of infertility in both women and men.
Infertility is treated with medications, assisted reproductive technology, or a combination.
Couples who have been trying to conceive for one year should see their healthcare provider.
Women 35 or older are recommended to see their healthcare provider after trying for six months.
A Word From Verywell
Infertility is a heartwrenching condition that affects individuals and couples around the world.
The diagnostic process can be lengthy and may feel frustrating.
Know that your emotions are normal and common.
Talk with your partner and healthcare provider about your frustrations and needs.
If you feel comfortable, reach out to family and friends for support.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Infertility: frequently asked questions.
Office on Women’s Health.Polycystic ovary syndrome.
Johns Hopkins Medicine.Diminished ovarian reserve.
Johns Hopkins Medicine.Male infertility.
Gabrielsen JS, Lamb DJ.Disorders that impact reproduction.
In:Handbook of Clinical Adult Genetics and Genomics.
2017;88(2):19-112. doi:10.5603/GP.a2017.0019
