Opioids are painkillers containing a substance chemically similar to the alkaloids that are found in the opium poppy.
Prescription medications that contain opioids includemethadone,Percocet, Vicodin, Demerol, Dilaudid, andfentanyl.
Studies have shown that many physicians do not know their patients are experiencingconstipation when receiving opioids.
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Virtually all patients receiving opioids report havingdigestive side effects.
Up to 40 percent may have constipation.
In general, havinghealthy bowel movementscould mean going anywhere from three times a day to three times a week.
However, a change in bowel movements may indicate constipation.
Symptoms of constipation can include:
Opioid-induced constipation is different thanconstipation that is functional.
Why Do Opioids Cause Constipation?
Opioids have several different effects that slow down digestion.
Food moves through the small intestine because of muscle contractions known asperistalsis.
This can also create harder stools, making them more difficult to pass.
Opioids also affect how the anal sphincter responds to the drug.
Whenstoolis in the rectum, there is a natural urge to go to the bathroom and pass it.
Overall, these effects on the digestive system mean thatsome people will experience constipationwhen using opioids.
For people who need long-term pain management with these medications, this can be a significant problem.
Treatment
Treatment for opioid-induced constipation could include both lifestyle changes and medications.
In many cases, lifestyle changes and over-the-counter laxatives are not effective enough to provide complete relief.
Insoluble fiber, which is primarily found in fruits and vegetables, makes stools softer and bulks them up.
Soluble fiber will dissolve into a substance thats like a gel and will also help in relieving constipation.
Fiber Supplements:Fiber can be added into the diet but it can also be taken as asupplement.
For example, bulk-forming fiber supplements like psyllium may not be recommended as they could worsen symptoms.
Hydration:Drinking enough water and other liquids every day can also help in dealing with constipation.
Stools are easier to pass when there is enough liquid drawn into the bowel to make them softer.
Exercise:Exercise is another factor that can help relieve constipation.
Again, the ability to exercise is going to depend on overall health.
However, even walking can make a difference when it comes to moving the bowels on a regular basis.
Frequently, a laxative might be the first option in preventing and/or treating constipation.
Rectal Interventions
In some cases, removing impacted stool might be necessary.
Prescription Medications
There are prescription medications available for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation.
Relistor and Movantik are two such drugs.
These medications work by blocking the effects that opioids have on slowing down the bowel.
These medications may help in bringing on a bowel movement a short time after taking or receiving them.
In: StatPearls [Internet].
Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
