Complex trauma is defined as prolonged exposure to traumatic events from which a person is unable to escape.
It can affect both children and adults, although the treatment approach can vary.
It suggests that repeated traumatization during childhood causes a host of symptoms that are distinct from PTSD.
Verywell / Jessica Olah
The symptoms can manifest during childhood and persist into adulthood, or only emerge during adulthood.
The symptoms of C-PTSD fall under three broad categories:
These symptoms differ from PTSD in how they manifest.
There remains debate as to whether C-PTSD is a form of PTSD or a distinct mental disorder unto itself.
Despite the ongoing debate, approximately 92% of people with C-PTSD also meet the criteria for PTSD.
Experts suggest that C-PTSD causes symptoms distinct from PTSD because it disrupts this normal developmental process.
Some experts have proposed the term “developmental trauma disorder” (DTD) as an equivalent to C-PTSD.
Examples include persistent exposure to racism, sexism,homophobia,transphobia, and other forms of social marginalization.
Diagnosis
The WHO designates C-PTSD as a condition related to but separate from PTSD.
Obtaining an accurate diagnosis, ideally from a board-certifiedpsychiatristorpsychologist, can ensure the right treatment is dispensed.
Treatment
There are no consistent guidelines for the treatment of C-PTSD.
The approach can differ from that of PTSD in that PTSD involves a single traumatic event.
With C-PTSD, the trauma involves interpersonal relationships which may be ongoing.
This is especially true for children.
Since C-PTSD is often because of chronic abuse or neglect, addressing those concerns first is a priority.
In some cases, child protective services may need to intervene.
Thereafter, ongoing family counseling may be mandated to build a healthier emotional environment for the child.
In extreme cases, treatment may only dispensed when the child is under protective custody.
The treatment may involve trauma intervention, psychotherapy, and medications.
2019;36(9):887-894. doi:10.1002/da.22934.
National Child Traumatic Stress connection.Complex trauma and developmental trauma disorder.
American Psychological Association.Improved treatment for developmental trauma.
2021 Jun 3;118:105139. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105139
Mental Health America.What is complex PTSD?
Kennedy Krieger Institute.Treating complex trauma in child welfare.
American Psychological Association.Treatments for PTSD.
